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Legality of LSVs / NEVs / NZEVs by Jurisdiction (United States and Canada)

Last updated 2024.11.02

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We do not sell NEVs, LSVs, NZEVs or MSVs. We think zero-emissions low-noise LSVs and NEVs are a great form of urban transportation, and in particular suitable to indoor/outdoor operation. We think they are poised to explode in popularity, where they are not being hindered by government and institutional barriers. We do sell Soneil battery chargers, both high and low current models, which would be ideal for charging LSVs / NEVs.

United States Credits for new clean vehicles purchased in 2023 or after as of April 18, 2023 (new requirements as of 2024.01.01)

Current laws, regulations & rules by Canadian Province / Territory (for U.S. see below)

The following information has been gathered from a variety of sources, and is believed to be correct. However, please verify the rules for your jurisdiction before acquiring or operating an NEV/LSV/MSV on a roadway. We accept no responsibility for the accuracy of the information presented here as rules are changing and enabling / prohibiting legislation is complex and unique by jurisdiction. If you believe the information here is incorrect or out of date, please let us know.

The Canadian federal government has created a national vehicle classification that largely mirrors the U.S. rules. In general, provincial and territorial rules for road vehicles are not permissive. Therefore, if there are no rules, the vehicles are not permitted as the vehicle classification is not approved for on-road use.

Alberta - illegal
British Columbia - legal but must be permitted by each municipality (to ensure everyone is as confused as possible, BC also calls these vehicles NZEVs for Neighbourhood Zero Emissions Vehicles)

From the British Columbia Motor Vehicle Act: "Neighbourhood zero emission vehicles 24.06 (1) A person may drive or operate a neighbourhood zero emission vehicle in unorganized areas of British Columbia
(a) on a highway or class of highway that has a speed limit of 40 km/hr or less,
(b) if authorized by a road use permit granted by the Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure under this section, on a highway or class of highway that has a speed limit of over 40 km/hr but no more than 50 km/hr, or
(c) if the vehicle is being operated in accordance with the provisions applicable to a utility vehicle as provided for in section 24.03.
(2) A person may drive or operate a neighbourhood zero emission vehicle in a municipality
(a) on a highway or class of highway that has a speed limit of 40 km/hr or less,
(b) if authorized by bylaw of the council of the municipality, on a highway or class of highway that has a speed limit of over 40 km/h but no more than 50 km/hr, or
(c) if the vehicle is being operated in accordance with the provisions applicable to a utility vehicle as provided for in section 24.03.
(3) A person who drives or operates a neighbourhood zero emission vehicle as authorized by subsection (1) or (2) may, at an intersection, cross a highway that has a speed limit that is not greater than 80 km/hr to enable the person to continue on a highway on which the person is authorized to drive or operate a neighbourhood zero emission vehicle.
(4) The Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure may, for the purposes of subsection (1) (b), grant a permit authorizing a person to drive or operate a vehicle on a highway or class of highway that has a speed limit of over 40 km/hr but no more than 50 km/hr.
[en. B.C. Reg. 351/2008, Sch. s. 13.]
Grandparenting of neighbourhood zero emission vehicles
24.07 (1) Section 24.06 does not apply to a neighbourhood zero emission vehicle that
(a) was owned or leased by a person on or before June 5, 2008, and
(b) continues to be owned or leased by the same person after that date.
(2) A neighbourhood zero emission vehicle referred to in subsection (1) may be driven or operated on a highway in accordance with this section.
(3) Sections 4.30 and 7B.02 to 7B.04 apply to a neighbourhood zero emission vehicle described in subsection (1) that is being driven or operated on a highway.
(4) A person who
(a) owned or leased a neighbourhood zero emission vehicle on or before June 5, 2008, and
(b) continues to own or lease the vehicle after that date
may apply to the director to exempt that vehicle from subsection (3).
(5) Despite subsection (1), section 24.06 applies to a vehicle that has been exempted under subsection (4).
[en. B.C. Reg. 351/2008, Sch. s. 13.]"

[BC] Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure's statement on Neighbourhood Vehicles pilot project 2016.10.05

These progressive British Columbia municipalities have legalized LSVs (NZEVs):

  • Alert Bay
  • Burnaby [Site no longer exists: http://burnaby.fileprosite.com/contentengine/launch.asp?ID=303] 2008.10.27
  • Campbell River
  • Chase VILLAGE OF CHASE BYLAW NO. 838, 2017 NEIGHBOURHOOD GOLF CART BYLAW - A Bylaw to Regulate Neighbourhood Golf Carts (May 2017)
    No requirement that the golf cart needs to be electric. No evidence that LSEVs / NZEVs are allowed.
  • Colwood [Site no longer exists: http://colwood.fileprosite.com/contentengine/launch.asp?ID=780] 2009.03.09 (look for Bylaw 1090)
  • Comox
  • Coquitlam [dead link: http://e-civic.coquitlam.ca/cybercedms/getdoc.asp?doc=825487] 2009.06.15 Bylaw 4036
  • Cultus Lake Park NEIGHBOURHOOD GOLF CART BYLAW Bylaw No. 1180, (November 2020)
    No evidence of a bylaw for NZEVs or LSVs
  • Delta [Dead link: https://delta.civicweb.net/Documents/DocumentList.aspx?ID=34248] 2011.05.09 Bylaw 6922
  • Esquimault 2008.11.03
  • Hope
  • Hornby Island Motion on Neighbourhood Zero Emission Vehicles (2012)
  • Kelowna City memo on Electric Cars - Neighbourhood Zero Emission Vehicles (NZEV) (2010)
    City memo on Neighbourhood Zero Emission Vehicle & Conventional Electric Cars (SR #177198 and #192435) (2011)
  • Maple Ridge 2010.01.26 Bylaw 6704 - Look for clause 9.3
  • Nanaimo July 2020
  • New Westminster 2011.01.10 Bylaw 7440
  • North Cowichan Not yet, still thinking about it: 2024.03.21 Bylaw 7440
  • North Vancouver ( (PDF download (1.9 MB, 59 pages) “STREET AND TRAFFIC BYLAW, 1991, NO. 6234” - CONSOLIDATED FOR CONVENIENCE – DECEMBER 4, 2023 (see section 1007 Neighbourhood Zero Emission Vehicles)
    [dead link: http://www2.canada.com/northshorenews/news/story.html?id=2a6bc1d1-2bba-4898-890f-71ac9d7dca96] City of North Vancouver buys their own LSV truck. Way to go, North Van!
  • Oak Bay (the first to do so, 2008.08.18)
  • Oliver
  • Port Coquitlam 2009.03.09
  • Port Hardy
  • Port Moody [Site no longer exists: https://portmoody.civicweb.net/Documents/DocumentDisplay.aspx?ID=3427] 2009.04.14 or later Section 5.13
  • Qualicum Beach Bylaw 635 legalize low-speed electric powered vehicles (NZEV) on public roads posted at 50 km/h or less
    Legalization of golf carts - FAQs (no requirement that Neighbourhood Golf Carts be electric)
  • Richmond 2009.09.01 Bylaw 8536
  • Sooke
  • Tofino 2010.07.29Bylaw 1130
  • Ucluelet (2009.05.12 [item B-5] Ucluelet's NZEV brochure - nice touch)
  • Vancouver
  • Vernon (coming soon as of June 2012)
  • Victoria 2010.05.27 Bylaw 10-037 (note sunset clause that only legalizes these vehicles for 2 years) ( since amended to remove sunset provision)
  • West Vancouver
  • Whistler 2008.11.17 Whistler's Bylaw
    (Saanich, Sidney and Vernon have expressly rejected these environmentally-friendly, zero-emissions vehicles from their streets.)

    If I have missed your B.C. community and it permits NZEVs, please let me know.

    Manitoba - unknown - as of June 12, 2008 (Bill 15 amended the Highway Traffic Act so that regulations related to low speed vehicles could be established, (see section titled "Regulations re low-speed vehicles"), but to date I cannot find any such regulations in force).

    New Brunswick - illegal
    Newfoundland - illegal
    Northwest Territory - illegal
    Nova Scotia - illegal
    Nunavut - illegal

    Ontario

    When it comes to LSVs, Ontario has officially legalized unicorns for on-road use

    Ontario's Web page on LSV rules for road use.

    As of July 1, 2017, Ontario has decided to launch another pilot project to pretend that they will allow LSVs on roads in the province. Like before, this is a farce. Not only does it require additional equipment to be installed which is not required in any other North American jurisdiction, they have added the BC municipal bylaw wrinkle. Nor do they indicate who can quality for inclusion within the pilot program. Still with me and want to play? Well, then you can head on over to one of the two (yep, count'em TWO) ServiceOntario locations in all of Ontario which can process your registration paperwork. Transport Canada claims (May 2019) that 4 companies are registered to manufacture LSVs in Canada. In looking for these companies in web searches, it appears at least one business is defunct and the others appear to produce only industrial vehicies (mini-trucks), but nothing really resembling a passenger vehicle.

    While Ontario technically permits LSVs on their roads posted at speeds 50 km/h and below as of March 21, 2009, they have added a unique set of at least 5 requirements beyond the federal standard set out in CMVSS 500, knowing that no manufacturer currently meets, or is prepared to meet, those additional standards for a small market. In other words, the only vehicles that meet Ontario's LSV rules are completely fictional, like unicorns. Further, the Ontario rules explicitly outlaw the building of one-off LSVs by individuals, even if they want to meet Ontario's odd requirements. The additional requirements show a conscious and determined ignorance of the history of LSVs, the reason for the FMVSS 500 / CMVSS 500 rules in effect for NEVs / LSVs in the U.S. and Canada, the solid safety record of LSVs throughout North America to date, a refusal to embrace an environmentally friendly transportation option, and a refusal to harmonize laws with other North American jurisdictions.

    Prince Edward Island - illegal
    Quebec - 2 models (both made in Quebec) were allowed on Quebec roads posted up to 50 km/h under a pilot project (2008 - 2011) - vehicles limited to 40 km/h. Since the pilot project began, one of the vehicles permitted within it, the ZENN, ceased production (in early 2010). The only other legal vehicle under the pilot program is a utility truck, the Nemo, which is not very attractive for residential householder use, and also ceased production.

    As of December, 2023, it appears Quebec now allows four models of LSV on specific roads, all industrial or utility vehicles. https://saaq.gouv.qc.ca/en/road-safety/modes-transportation/low-speed-vehicle/

    Saskatchewan - illegal
    Yukon - illegal

    U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Subtitle B, Chapter V, Part 571, Subpart B §571.500

    U.S. Low-speed Vehicles (LSV) Federal Standard

    NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Low Speed Vehicles (LSV)

    Current laws, regulations & rules by U.S. State

    U.S. law allows NEVs (Neighborhood Electric Vehicle) to qualify as either Low Speed Vehicles (LSV: maximum speed 25 mph) or Medium Speed Vehicles (MSV: maximum speed 35 mph). Originally NEVs were all LSV class, and states are slowly embracing the MSV NEV.

    The following information has been gathered from a variety of sources, and is believed to be correct. However, please verify the rules for your jurisdiction before acquiring or operating an NEV/LSV/MSV. We accept no responsibility for the accuracy of the information presented here as rules are changing and enabling / prohibiting legislation is complex and unique by jurisdiction (federal, state, county and municipal). If you believe the information here is incorrect or out of date, please let us know.

    Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Golf Carts on Public Roads - Literature Review of Legislation and State of the Practice in the United States (2020)
    ILTVA Summary by State (2013)

    Alabama - Legal - LSVs require Manufacturer Statement of Origin (MSO) plate, cannot impede traffic

    Alaska - Legal - 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 45 mph

    Arizona - Legal - 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Arkansas - no NEV specific regulations beyond the definition of Low speed vehicle, cannot impede traffic

    California - In general, LSVs are legal in California to operate on roads posted at 35 miles per hour or less. Insurance is required for on-road operation.
    The vehicle must have a VIN and be registered with DMV. A valid driver's licence is required and be available if driving an LSV on a public road.
    Some municipalities within California have extensions to the federal and state laws regarding LSVs and NEVs.
    Avalon CA (Catalina Island) (Permitting of ' autoettes' in Avalon seems relatively unique, similar in size and performance to LSVs. Presumably this is a reference to the 'Autoettes' made in Long Beach for many years, also known as electric shoppers.)
    City of Avalon, Article 17, Registration of Vehicles (amended 2023)
    2013 article on change to autoette permit rules (Catalina Islander)
    Commercial autoettes in Avalon must be electric only as of 2024.01.01 (Catalina Islander)
    If you want to see how tight a definition bureaucrats can make for a road vehicle 'class', check out California's definition of "Autoette", starting with "located on a natural island". (Cal. Veh. Code § 175 modified 2024.01.01)
    Banning CA
    Coachella Valley CA
    La Quinta CA
    Lincoln CA
    Long Beach CA (NEV rules)
    Norco CA Norco was one of four local governments that contemplated a Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Plan circa 2010, but there is no evidence it was ever put into effect.
    Palm Desert CA (golf carts must be electrically powered to comply)
    Rancho Murieta CA
    Roseville CA
    So, it can get complicated, depending where you are based in California. If you have questions or legal issues (e.g. personal injury) related to using LSVs in California, help is available.

    Colorado - Low speed electric vehicles (LSEV) are legal (class C vehicles) on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Connecticut - LSVs Illegal on public roads, and given overlapping definitions, likely also applies to NEVs. Low-Speed Vehicles still being studied by state government (October 2023)
    This 2023 report Low-Speed Vehicles updates 2 2008 reports:
    LOW SPEED ELECTRIC VEHICLES; and, NEIGHBORHOOD ELECTRIC VEHICLES.
    2023 Connecticut General Statutes, Title 14-Motor Vehicles. Chapter 249-Traffic Control. Section 14-300g.-Operation of golf carts
    Local authorities may permit operation of golf carts during daylight hours on public roads with posted speed limit not more than 25 mph, valid driver's licence and insurance are required.

    Golf carts can be legal if permitted by municipal governments, but the state level does not generally allow golf carts on public roads.

    Branford CT (2002 Ordinance Permitting Operation of Golf Carts on Public Roads
    Branford Has Very Specific Golf Cart Rules-Of-The-Road (Patch 2022.07.25)
    Branford Police Golf Cart Inspection Certificate of Compliance
    For more information on the current rules and what kinds of golf carts are available, contact a local golf cart dealer.
    To understand what the insurance requirements are for operating a golf cart on the roads of Branford, connect with a local insurance agent.
    Clinton CT
    Town of Clinton Connecticut - Use of Golf Carts on Certain Named Public Highways (Regulation 22-01) (2022)
    No indication that the Regulation was ever passed. For current status, contact the town administration or police department or Hawkes Golf Vehicles, which is a local golf cart dealer.
    East Lyme CT
    A golf cart seems to fit East Lyme's definition of a MOTOR VEHICLE, so golf carts should be legal on designated roads in East Lyme.
    (2023) East Lyme Police Commission Golf Cart Regulations are a bit clearer on the legality and rules. Operation is limited to 30 minutes after sunrise until 30 minutes before sunset, on specified roads. Registration, proof of insurance and valid Connecticut driver's licence is required. Includes maps of roads where golf carts are legal for use.
    Town of East Lyme Golf Cart Regulation and Registration does not mention restricted hours of operation or requirement for a valid driver's licence.
    Fairfield County
    ELECTRIC GOLF CART ACCESS FOR FAIRFIELD BEACH AREA DURING THE SUMMER (Change.org petition April 2018)
    Leave the car behind: Fairfield residents want to be able to take golf carts to the beach (CT Insider 2018.05.24)
    Brakes pumped on plan to allow golf carts for beach travel in Fairfield (ctpost 2018.07.19)
    It appears that specific communities within Fairfield have moved ahead on their own, which opens up new possibilities for the use of golf carts as road transportation, and new responsibilities for operators.
    To learn about insurance requirements, check with a local insurance business like Byrnes Agency Insurance.
    If you are looking for a golf cart or service locally, connect with Best Round Golf Car in Danbury, CT.
    Candlewood Isle CT
    Candlewood Isle Golf Cart Rules & Regulations
    Golf Cart Registration Form and Waiver
    Candlewood Knolls (Tax District) CT
    Candlewood Knolls Communnity Guidelines see section on Vehicles
    Candlewood Shores CT
    Candlewood Shores Golf Cart Registration Form
    Old Lyme CT
    Sound View Golf Cart Rules & Regulations
    Old Saybrook
    Town of Old Saybrook Golf Cart Registration Information
    For information on where golf carts can be legally operated in Old Saybrook, and what's available, check with Cars and Carts, which is a local golf cart dealer.
    For your insurance requirements related to on-road use of a golf cart, contact a local insurance agency.
    South Lyme CT
    Point O'Woods Charter & Ordinances - "Motor vehicles includes golf carts registered to operate on Point O'Woods roads."
    Point O'Woods Beach Golf Cart Rules and Regulations
    Stratford
    Town of Stratford Instructions for obtaining a Golf Cart registration and Yearly Renewals
    Per state law, a valid driver's licence and insurance is required to operate a golf cart on public roads. If you are unclear on the insurance requirements for golf carts, contact Dougherty Insurance for more information.
    To understand what roads are designated for legal use of golf carts, contact the town administration or Connecticut Golf Carts, which is a local golf cart dealer.

    Delaware - LSVs Legal - 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph, local ordinances may be in effect.

    Delaware City (2021) - LSVs can include golf carts which have maximum speeds between 20 and 25 mph, GVWR 2500 pounds or less, and have a 17-digit VIN. Legal where posted speed limit in not more than 25 mph. Driver's licence and insurance are required.

    District of Columbia - no information

    Florida - Legal - 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph, must be registered, titled and insured ($10,000 PDL and PIP) and operator must have a valid driver's licence. Counties or municipalities may override the state law to expand or restrict usage of LSVs and/or golf car(t)s relative the state law (default).
    Florida House Bill 949 (effective October 2023) changed the requirements for who may operate a golf cart. No longer is it OK for 14 year-olds to drive a golf cart on a public road; operators under 19 years old must have a valid driver's licence. Note that Home Owners Associations (HOA) may have additional rules regarding operation and parking of golf carts, low speed vehicles (LSV) and neighborhood electric vehicles (NEV). We're not going to even try to keep up with those as they seem to change frequently.
    As a result, the legalities of operating LSVs, NEVs and golf carts can be complicated, and if you have questions or concerns, you should start here with information from a Florida attorney knowledgeable in this field.

    The State of Florida does not appear to track or report the municipal exceptions. We made a start.

    Atlantic Beach FL - legal on roads posted at 35 mph or less (25 mph or less recommended), driver must have a valid driver's license

    Anna Maria Beach FL Holmes Beach ordinance applies
    Bradenton Beach FL
    Brevard County FL
    Cape Canaveral FL
    Cocoa Beach FL
    Cooper City FL
    DeBary FL
    Destin FL
    Dunedin FL
    Fernandina Beach FL (2023) LSV or NEV allowed on roads posted 35 mph or less, insurance and driver's licence required.
    Flagler Beach FL
    Fort Myers FL (Lee County)
    Fort Walton Beach FL
    Freeport FL
    Fruitland Park FL Golf carts and LSVs are legal, with some restrictions (e.g. speed limit 30 mph or less). Registration required (fee). Liability insurance and waiver form required. Operators must be 14 years or older, have a photo ID card. For clarification on legal requirements, contact a local lawyer.
    Gulf Breeze FL
    Hillsborough County FL
    Holmes Beach FL (April 2022) cites Florida law, golf cart operators must be 16 years or older (no driver's licence required, vehicles must re registereed, have seat belts (one per occupant), specific routes prohibited Low speed vehicle (LSV) rules are similar.
    Indian Rocks Beach FL
    Jacksonville FL (2018) Golf carts and LSVs prohibited on public roadways except as designated as a Golf Cart Path or carts are permitted. Operator must be at least 14 years old, operate only between sunrise and sunset (unless lights have been installed on the cart), maximum speed 15 mph on paths, vehicle must be registered and insured. Read the rules at the link above.
    For additional clarity, read this Jacksonville legal firm's page on Florida Golf Cart Laws.
    For clarity on insurance requirements in Jacksonville (e.g. paths vs. roads) or get a quote, contact a local insurance agent.

    Marco Island (City of) FL
    Mexico Beach FL
    Miami Springs FL If you need clarification on local rules or your LSV is involved in a collision, get local legal advice.
    Mount Dora FL
    Nassau County FL
    Neptune Beach FL
    North Palm Beach FL
    North Port FL
    Ocala FL For a more precise explanation of the rules in Florida, consult a local attorney familiar with traffic law including use of golf carts.
    Ormond Beach FL
    Oviedo FL
    Palm Bay FL Guidance from a local lawyer regarding golf cart law
    Panama City Beach FL To learn more about road use of LSVs and golf carts in Panama City Beach, check out Coastal Cars & Carts
    Santa Rosa Beach FL
    Satellite Beach FL If you have questions or legal concerns about on-road use of golf carts or LSVs, contact a local attorney familiar with the law regarding golf carts
    South Daytona FL (July 2023) Daytona traffic lawyer on golf carts on public roads in Florida
    St. Augustine Beach FL You can learn more about on-road use of golf carts and LSVs at a local dealer like Icon Golf Cars.
    St. Johns County FL
    Stuart (Martin County) FL For current rules or legal assistance, consult with a lawyer in Martin County that understands the local laws regarding on-road use of golf carts and LSVs.

    Tampa FL As of August 2022, golf carts are allowed on downtown Tampa streets (Fox 13 News). For a more precise explanation of the rules specific to Tampa, consult a local attorney familiar with traffic law including use of golf carts.
    For example, on Davis Island, the rules are different. The attorney you want will know this.

    Tequesta FL Check out Ace of Carts for more information on LSVs in Tequesta, including the new Sierra line of LSVs.
    Viera (Brevard County) FL
    Volusia County FL
    Walton County FL (Walton County includes 30A, Santa Rosa Beach, Rosemary Beach, Seacrest Beach, Alys Beach)
    Wellington FL (as of October, 2023) For guidance about current rules for on-road use of LSVs and golf carts or legal assistance, consult a local attorney.
    Westlake FL

    More reading on LSVs and golf car street use in Florida:
    Florida municipalities must regulate LSVs and golf carts by ordinance, not resolution
    Navigating Low Speed Vehicles in Florida: A Comprehensive Guide (Energy Theory)
    Everything you Need to Know About Florida Golf Cart Laws (OpenHouse Home Insurance)
    Florida Golf Cart Laws Simplified (Ultimate Carts)
    LSVs - The Full Monty (Dunedin Goes Carting)
    [dead site: https://www.fivestargolfcarts.com/state-laws/florida-golf-cart-low-speed-vehicle-laws] Florida Golf Cart & Low-Speed Vehicle Laws (Five Star Golf Carts)
    Instruction for Converting a Low Speed Vehicle (LSV) to a Golf Cart (October 9, 2012?)

    Georgia - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph, while local governments can expand on this by local ordinance. Registering a Multipurpose Off-Highway Vehicle
    Check with a lawyer or a reputable dealer to get the current, correct regulations in your area.
    But insurance gets complicated according to this document Charging Low-Speed & Small Vehicles document from The Georgia Department of Public Safety (downloads a PDF file) which, as an example, indicates an electric Personal Transportation Vehicle (PTV) does not require registration or proof of insurance if it's electric, but does if gasoline powered. If in doubt, probably best to check with an insurance expert to be sure.

    Camilla GA
    Cartersville GA
    Glynn County GA For more information on rules for driving LSVs and golf carts in Glynn County connect with the Golf Cart Factory featuring LSVs and golf carts made right in Georgia.
    Peachtree City GA
    Thomson City GA
    Tybee Island GA (2019)

    Hawaii
    Neighborhood Electric Vehicle definition
    - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph, max. vehicle speed 15 mph, must display notice of restrictions on use

    Idaho - Legal on roads posted 25 mph or less - may cross roads posted at speeds up to 35 mph

    Illinois - Legal 35 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph
    Illinois Law 096-0653 (amendments regarding low speed vehicles took effect January 1, 2010)

    Indiana - Legal 35 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Iowa - Legal on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Kansas (2009) - Definition of golf cart - rules scattered through the Kansas statues
    Standard Traffic Ordinance for Kansas Cities created by the League of Kansas Municipalities 1997 Attorney-General Opinion - Registration of Golf Carts

    Andover KS (May 2022) - driver's licence, vehicle licence, inspection, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less, sunrise to sunset
    Augusta KS (May 2022) - driver's licence, vehicle licence, inspection, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less, sunrise to sunset
    Clearwater KS (May 2023) - driver's licence, inspection, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less
    Derby KS (May 2023) - driver's licence, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less
    El Dorado KS (August 2022) - driver's licence and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less
    Garden Plain KS (2021) - driver's licence, inspection, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less, sunrise to sunset
    Goddard KS (see section 315.020 Operation of Golf Carts) - driver's licence, vehicle licence, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less
    [bad link:https://www.cityofhiawatha.org/city-government/city-ordinances/2014-ordinances/ordinance-2016/at_download/file] Hiawatha KS (2014) - inspection, registration and insurance required
    Highland KS (see section 315.020 Operation of Golf Carts) - driver's licence, vehicle licence, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less
    Hillsboro KS (2016) - driver's licence, vehicle licence, inspection, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less, sunrise to sunset
    Hoisington KS (2016) - driver's licence, vehicle licence, inspection, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less, sunrise to sunset
    Iola KS (2016) - driver's licence, vehicle licence, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less, sunrise to sunset
    Kingman KS (April 2022) - driver's licence, inspection, registration, licence and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less, sunrise to sunset
    Lawrence KS (May 2020) (see section 114.4 Unlawful Operation of a Golf Carts)
    Leavenworth KS (2015) has adopted the Standard Traffic Ordinance for Kansas Cities created by the League of Kansas Municipalities
    Leawood KS (see sections 14-101 and 14-106 of the city code) has adopted the Standard Traffic Ordinance for Kansas Cities created by the League of Kansas Municipalities, with modifications
    Golf carts NOT legal on public roads except to cross them, from sunrise to sunset.
    "Street-legal" is treated differently, where state registration, current insurance and a valid driver's licence are required.
    Lenexa KS (2019) has adopted the Standard Traffic Ordinance for Kansas Cities created by the League of Kansas Municipalities, with exceptions
    Lenexa 'Getting around in a golf cart' brochure (May 7, 2024)
    Golf carts are legal on roads post up to 25 mph, other duties (by reference) apply Liberal KS (2009) Golf Cart Ordinance 4374. A permit is required.
    Louisburg KS (May 2020) (see section 14-5a03 Operation of Golf Carts) - driver's licence, subject to other vehicle rules, operate on roads posted 25 mph or less, sunset to sunrise restriction
    Lyons KS (2010) - golf cart legal on roads up to 30 mph posted limit, sunrise to sunset, driver's licence, inspection, registration, licence, proof of insurance required
    Manhattan KS (October 2023) has adopted the Standard Traffic Ordinance for Kansas Cities created by the League of Kansas Municipalities, with exceptions
    Golf carts are effectively banned from operating on public roads (see section 114.4) Moran KS (April 2022) - inspection, registration, vehicle licence, driver's licence and insurance required, maximum vehicle speed 25 mph, sunrise to sunset
    Moundridge KS (April 2022) - driver's licence and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less, sunrise to sunset
    Mulvane KS (see section 315.020 Operation of Golf Carts) - driver's licence, vehicle licence, registration and insurance required, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less
    Application for Registration of a Golf Cart (for restricted operation on certain city streets)
    Newton KS - driver's licence and registration required, and operator subject to other duties, operate on roads posted 30 mph or less Nickerson KS - Golf carts legal with exceptions, 1800 pound weight limit, must be registered (fee applies), proof of insurance and valid driver's licence required, on roads posted 30 mph or less
    Overland Park KS - Golf carts are banned from use on public roads Russell KS (2015) - Golf carts legal on roads posted up to 30 mph, sunrise to sunset, driver's licence required
    Scott City KS - Golf carts legal with exceptions, small LSVs could quality under the definition.
    Shawnee KS (July 2021) - Golf carts legal on roads up to posted limit of 25 mph, driver's licence, insurance, .
    Silver Lake KS (January 2023)- Golf carts legal on roads posted up to 30 mph, sunrise to sunset, inspection, registration, driver's licence and insurance required.
    Smith Center KS (2019)- Golf carts legal on roads sunrise to sunset, registration, operator at least 18 years old, driver's licence and insurance required and additional special terms and conditions.
    Spring Hill KS (September 2020)- Golf carts legal on roads posted up to 25 mph, sunrise to sunset, driver's licence and insurance required.
    Sterling KS - Golf carts legal with exceptions, small LSVs could quality under the definition.
    Valley Center KS (November 2022) - has adopted the Standard Traffic Ordinance for Kansas Cities created by the League of Kansas Municipalities, with exceptions
    Golf carts legal on roads posted up to 30 mph, sunrise to sunset, driver's licence, inpsection, registration, licence, insurance required.

    Kentucky - As of 2010, Kentucky permits Low Speed Electric Vehicles on certain roads posted up to 35 mph), insurance required, must be titled and registered (17-digit VIN required)
    As of 2020, Kentucky permits golf carts on local roadways posted 35 mph or less, where permitted by local governments, and not all local ordinances and rules completely align with the 2020 state legislation. Operator must have valid driver's licence at hand, proof of insurance in the vehicle, but does not need to be titled or registered or meet emissions compliance regulations.
    Insurance Jounnal article 'Kentucky Cities Coming to Terms with Golf Carts on Public Roads (August 2013)

    There is no state registry showing which municipalities have enabling ordinances (so we created the list below to help you with that).
    As you can see, a lot of rules have changed since 2020, so it can get complicated to figure out the vehicle definitions, what's legal and operating requirements like insurance.
    If you have questions about legality in your community, connect with a lawyer familiar with the topic.
    Similarly, if you need to know more about state and local insurance requirements, talk to an insurance agent.

    Berea KY (April 2024) eyes low speed vehicle ordinance (WBON-TV)
    Boone County KY approves golf cart ordinance (2019)
    Bowling Green KY (April 2011) - golf carts legal on public roads posted up to 35 mph, requires a proof of inspection document, and operate only between sunrise and sunset.
    Covington KY Ordinance covers LSV, golf carts and utility vehicles (2017)
    Crab Orchard KY (external reference found, but not in City ordinances)
    Dayton KY Dayton approves use of golf carts on city streets (2022)
     Edgewood KY gives up on golf cart ordinance (April 2024)
    Edmonton KY ATV, golf cart Ordinance passes (September 2018)
    Fort Thomas KY Amended ordinance (August, 2020) and Brochure (rules and regulations)
    Frankfort KY Relevant text on golf cart rules starts on page 47 of 50 in the PDF (2022)
    Georgetown KY (downloads 650 page document) relevant text starts on 455th page (go ahead, ask how we know)
    Headland AL 'New low speed vehicle ordinance in Headland' (WYKT April 2024)
    Hurstbourne KY gives up on golf cart ordinance (April 2024)
    Independence KY (2023) Definition fits LSVs and golf carts. Title, registration and emissions compliance not required. Inspection and permit required. Valid driver's licence and proof of insurance required.
    Lagrange KY (November 2019) implements golf cart ordinance
    Leitchfield KY Golf carts permitted on public roads per state laws (LSVs fit definition)
    Lexington KY Golf carts NOT permitted on public roads
    Morehead KY (Sept. 2023) City passes golf cart ordinance
    Richmond KY Richmond could become state’s next ‘golf cart’ city (ABC36 June 2021)
    Shepherdsville, KY (June 2019) Golf cart definition covers characteristics of LSVs, not allowed on specified roads.
    Smiths Grove, KY (August 2019) Golf cart definition covers characteristics of LSVs, largely repeats state law.
    Stanford, KY (May 2019) Golf cart definition covers characteristics of LSVs, largely repeats state law.
    St Matthews KY (August 2020) Golf cart definition covers characteristics of LSVs, not allowed on specified roads.
    Winchester KY (August 2020) Golf cart definition covers characteristics of LSVs, not allowed on specified roads.

    Louisiana - (2016) Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph, if designated by local authority, must be registered and insured, operator requires a valid driver's licence

    St. Charles Parish LA (2019) Golf Cart Registration
    Youngsville LA Golf Cart & Slow Moving Vehicle Registration

    Maine - Golf carts legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph, if the municipality permits. Rules are different for 'island vehicles'. Low speed vehicles may be issued a special permit with annual registration fee. Registration is required.
    Anyone operating a low speed vehicle requires a valid drivers licence. Liability insurance is required to register a vehicle.
    To make it easy, talk to an LSV ('street-legal') dealer to find out the requirements and something that will fit your needs.

    Maryland - LSVs legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, must be titled and registered, valid driver's licence required, insurance is required, can operate on roads posted up to 30 mph. LSV definition is distinct from a golf cart. No indication that local jurisdictions can over-ride the state laws on LSVs.
    Maryland Low Speed Vehicle Application
    Maryland Titling an LSV

    Rock Hall MD (August 2023) Rules for Low Speed Vehicles

    Massachusetts - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 30 mph (as of July, 2009)

    Michigan - Legal on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Minnesota - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Mississippi - Allowed as of March 2021, drivers licence and proof of financial responsibility (insurance) required, but local ordinances and local registration (usually) are required for on-road use to be legal, e.g. as of September 2022 in Hattiesburg, MS. (See section 2 of Bill 2605)
    If your municipality is not on the list below, it probably doesn't have an enabling ordinance.

    Bay Saint Louis MS - Legal
    Biloxi MS - Legal
    Diamondhead MS - Legal
    D'Iberville MS - Legal
    Farmington MS - Legal
    Gautier MS - Legal
    Greenwood MS - Legal
    Greenville MS Golf carts, low-speed vehicles and off-road vehicles are BANNED from operating on City of Greenville streets as of April 2021.
    Laurel MS - Legal
    Long Beach MS - Legal
    Madison MS - Legal
    Moss Point MS - Legal (as of April 2019)
    Natchex MS - Legal
    Ocean Springs MS - Legal
    Oxford MS - Legal
    Pascagoula MS - Legal
    Pass Christian MS - Legal
    Poplarville MS - Legal, but note restriction on use from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. weekdays
    Southaven MS - Legal
    Starkville MS - Legal
    Tunica MS - Legal
    Waveland MS - Legal

    Missouri - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Montana - Legal 35 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 45 mph

    Nebraska - Legal as of 2018 - Title issued by county, not state - can be operated on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Nevada - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph
    Nevada DMV Golf Cart Permit Application

    Clark County NV - Golf carts legal where designated (see list in the link)
    Mesquite NV - LSVs legal with registration, insurance on city streets posted 35 mph or less

    New Hampshire - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    New Jersey - Low Speed Vehicles (LSVs) must be titled, registered and insured in New Jersey. However, they are not subject to regular vehicle inspection and are exempt from State sales tax ONLY if they are certified by the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP).

    LSVs legal on roadways posted at 25 mph or less (up to 35 mph in municipalities which permit it.
    LSVs require registration and insurance, must meet federal and state requirements, and drivers require a valid driver's licence. Municipalities can vary certain rules from state requirements.

    New Mexico - LSVs legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph, must display notice of restrictions on use

    Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (NEV) defined in New Mexico Motor Vehicle Code Chapter 66-1-4.12. Definitions: "B. "neighborhood electric car" means a four-wheeled electric motor vehicle that has a maximum speed of more than twenty miles per hour but less than twenty-five miles per hour and complies with the federal requirements specified in 49 CFR 571.500;"

    New Mexico Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (NEV) Access to Roadways

    Elephant Butte NM - golf cars legal (Feb. 2016)

    New York - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    North Carolina - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Model Ordinance of the County,/Town/Citye, North Carolina Establishing a Golf Cart Ordinance (from 2010, does not mention LSVs)

    North Dakota - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Ohio - Legal (2002) references federal LSV rules As of 2017, Ohio law allows any LSV to operate on roads posted up to 35 mph. Be aware of Ohio laws regarding golf cart operation (The Press July 2022)
    Any traffic lawyer in Columbus Ohio should be aware of the revised LSV laws.

    Oklahoma - (since 2001.11.01) Legal 35 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    From Statutes of Oklahoma: "subsection 47-11-805.1. Low-speed electrical vehicles - Restrictions on operation.

    A. No person shall operate any low-speed electrical vehicle on any street or highway with a posted speed limit greater than thirty-five (35) miles per hour. B. The provisions of subsection A of this section shall not prohibit a low-speed vehicle from crossing a street or highway with a posted speed limit greater than thirty-five (35) miles per hour. C. This section shall not prevent a city from adopting any ordinance that would further restrict low-speed electrical vehicles from operating on certain city-owned streets in order to ensure the public health and safety. D. This section shall be a part of and supplemental to the rules of the road as provided in Section 11-101 et seq. of Title 47 of the Oklahoma Statutes. Added by Laws 2001, c. 243, subsection 2, eff. Nov. 1, 2001."

    Oregon - LSV legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph, unless in a 'prohibited area' where the posted limit in effect is 25 mph, and MSVs may operate on roads posted up to 45 mph
    801.331 "Low-speed vehicle." "Low-speed vehicle" means a four wheeled motor vehicle with a top speed of more than 20 miles per hour but not more than 25 miles per hour. [2001 c.293 subsection 5]
    801.341 "Medium-speed electric vehicle." "Medium-speed electric vehicle" means an electric motor vehicle with four wheels that is equipped with a roll cage or a crushproof body design, can attain a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour on a paved, level surface, is fully enclosed and has at least one door for entry. [2009 c.865 subsection 12]

    Pennsylvania - NEVs legal as of May 2015 on roads with posted limits up to 25 mph, with exceptions by order of the Secretary or local authorities

    Rhode Island **Note: state law is changed on July 1, 2024**
    "Effective July 1, 2024, in accordance with RIGL subsection 31-19.6 -1, Low-speed Vehicles as defined in RIGL subsection 31-1-3 (l), may be registered for use on public roads with posted speed limits up to 35 mph. These vehicles are to be registered, insured, and inspected in accordance with the Rhode Island laws and regulations established for motor vehicles.
    "A municipality may, by ordinance, prohibit the operation of low-speed vehicles on a laned roadway or local highway or a portion of a highway within its jurisdiction and under its control. It is highly recommended that you check with your local city or town BEFORE purchasing a Low-speed vehicle."
    Until July 2024, old rules applied, generally LSVs were not permitted except:
    LSVs legal on roads posted up to 25 mph on Prudence Island only between hours of 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. (since 2005)

    Rhode Island Expands Road Access to Low-Speed Vehicles (1420 WSBM 2024.06.18)
    RI establishes official rules for 'low-speed' vehicles (WPRI 12 2024.06.22)
    New law will allow low-speed vehicles on Rhode Island roads (WUN 2024.06.22)
    Low speed vehicles are coming to Rhode Island streets (NBC 10 NEWS 2024.06.25)
    Where can I have my golf cart inspected? | Ask the RI DMV Providence Journal 2024.07.05)

    Bristol RI Rules as of June 24, 2024
    Cumberland RI (The Valley Breeze 2024.02.22)
    Newport RI Rules as of July 2, 2018

    If your local municipality cannot answer your questions about use of LSVs as of mid-2024, you should check with a local LSV dealer, insurance agent or lawyer to get correct information on current and expected rules.

    South Carolina - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    South Dakota (see sections 32-14-13 to 32-14-15) (2010, 2023) Golf carts legal on state and county roads posted 25 mph or less. Other duties of vehicle operators apply (driver's licence, insurance, vehicle permit). Municipalities may pass ordinances permitting use of golf carts.
    Low speed vehicles legal on roads posted up to 35 mph. (2022)

    "Effective July 1, 2022, the state of South Dakota will no longer allow golf carts to be licensed. Any golf cart with a current license plate can not be renewed."

    Aberdeen SD (2023) golf cars legal with restrictions, notably
    "Golf carts can be operated only upon a public roadway in a public park; not on the service roads or recreation trails. Do not operate the golf cart on any public sidewalk or trail." (Feb. 2016)
    Aberdeen Golf Cart Permit Application

    Tennessee - Legal 35 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 40 mph

    Texas - Legal on roads posted up to 45 mph

    Utah - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph, must show slow moving vehicle marker on rear of vehicle

    Vermont - NEVs legal to operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Virginia - Legal 25 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 35 mph

    Washington - Golf Cart Zones Legal 35 mph vehicle speed limit, operate on roads posted up to 45 mph
    Liberty Lake WA - golf cars legal - must be registered, roads with speed limits or 25 mph or less, drivers must by 16 or older, have valid licence and proof of insurance (April 2016)

    West Virginia - Legal on roads posted 25 mph or less

    Wisconsin - Legal on roads posted up to 35 mph, max speed 25 mph; title, registration, driver's licence and insurance required; subject to municipal regulations (LSVs or NEVs must be approved in each municipal jurisdiction)

    Greendale (Village) WI (as of September 2023) - LSVs legal on roads up to 35 mph: vehicle must be titled and registered; drivers must have a valid driver's licence, and liability insurance
    Mishicot (Village) WI (as of September 2023) - Golf carts legal on roads up to 35 mph: max. speed 20 mph; limited hours of operation; drivers must have a valid driver's licence, and assumes all liability
    Muskego WI - Golf carts legal on roads up to 30 mph: max. speed 20 mph; vehicle must be registered, drivers must have a valid driver's licence, and assumes all liability
    Oconto WI - Golf carts legal on roads up to 30 mph: max. speed 20 mph; vehicle must be registered, drivers must have a valid driver's licence, and assumes all liability
    Paddock Lake (Village) WI - State law applies for LSVs. Golf carts allowed on village roads with a Village permit, and must pass an inspection by the County Sheriff's Department. Liability insurance ($100,000) required. Driver must be 16 or older, with valid driver's license.
    Waupun WI - LSVs legal: must be titled, registered and carry proof of insurance, drivers must have a valid driver's licence at hand

    Wyoming - Illegal (vehicles must be able to attain the posted speed limit)

    Some additional reading on LSVs, NEVs, MSVs in the U.S.
    Are electric micro-cars, NEVs, and LSVs street-legal in the US? Here’s how to know (electrek)
    Alternate list of LSV/NEV rules by state

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